Optimizing the layout of electronic documents

ABSTRACT

Optimizing a layout of an electronic document. An electronic document can be processed to identify a plurality of document sections within the document. A plurality of document sections can be recursively combined in at least a first page of a modified document and a presentation size of content within the document sections can be reduced. With each recursive combination of document sections, a first perceptual delta value can be generated based on perceptual differences between the document sections as originally presented in the electronic document and the document sections as presented when combined into the first page. When the first perceptual delta value at least equals the first threshold value, the recursive combination of document sections into the first page can cease.

BACKGROUND

The embodiments disclosed within this specification relate to optimizingthe layout of electronic documents.

Users sometimes desire to customize a printout of an electronic documentto minimize the amount of paper or ink/toner used to print the document.For example, some printers allow a user to use duplex printing, in whichboth sides of the paper are used to print a document. Some printers alsoallow a user to print multiple pages on one or both sides of each sheetof paper. Both the use of duplex printing and printing multiple pagesper side save on the amount of paper used to print a document. Printingmultiple pages per side also saves on the amount of ink or toner used toprint the document.

The printing configuration typically is user-selectable via printingpreferences provided by a device driver. A device driver is a computerprogram that allows higher-level computer programs to interact with ahardware device, such as a printer. Typically, printer manufacturersprovide specific device drivers for their printers, and these devicedrivers are installed on the user's computer. The user can access theprinting preferences via the computer's user interface.

BRIEF SUMMARY

The embodiments disclosed within this specification relate to optimizingthe layout of electronic documents.

One embodiment of the present invention can include, within a systemincluding a processor and a memory, a method of optimizing a layout ofan electronic document. The method can include via the processor,processing the electronic document to identify a plurality of documentsections within the document. The method also can include, recursively,combining a plurality of document sections in at least a first page of amodified document and reducing a presentation size of content within thedocument sections so that the combined document sections fit within thefirst page of the modified document. With each recursive combination ofdocument sections, a first perceptual delta value can be generated basedon perceptual differences between the document sections as originallypresented in the electronic document and the document sections aspresented when combined into the first page. A determination can be madeas to whether the first perceptual delta value at least equals a firstthreshold value. When the first perceptual delta value at least equalsthe first threshold value, the recursive combination of documentsections into the first page can cease. When the first perceptual deltavalue does not at least equal the first threshold value, the recursivecombination of document sections in at least the first page cancontinue.

in one embodiment a first perceptual hash can be performed on thedocument sections as originally presented in the electronic document todetermine a first perceptual hash value. A second perceptual hash can beperformed on the document sections as presented when combined into thefirst page to determine a second perceptual hash value. Generating thefirst perceptual delta value can include comparing, the first and secondperceptual hash values.

Yet another embodiment of the present invention can include a computerprogram product including a computer-readable storage medium havingcomputer-readable program code that, when executed, causes a machine toperform the various steps and/or functions described herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a process for optimizing a layoutof an electronic document in accordance with one embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 2 depicts a succession of recursive additions of document sectionsto a page in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method of optimizing a layout ofan electronic document in accordance with another embodiment of thepresent invention.

FIG. 4 is block diagram illustrating a system for optimizing a layout ofan electronic document in accordance with another embodiment of thepresent invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As will be appreciated by one skilled in the art, aspects of the presentinvention may be embodied as a system, method or computer programproduct. Accordingly, aspects of the present invention may take the formof an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment(including firmware, resident software, micro-code, etc.) or anembodiment combining software and hardware aspects that may allgenerally be referred to herein as a “circuit,” “module” or “system.”Furthermore, aspects of the present invention may take the form of acomputer program product embodied in one or more computer-readablemedium(s) having computer-readable program code embodied, e.g., stored,thereon.

Any combination of one or more computer-readable medium(s) may beutilized. The computer-readable medium may be a computer-readable signalmedium or a computer-readable storage medium. A computer-readablestorage medium may be, for example, but not limited to, an electronic,magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system,apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. Morespecific examples (a non-exhaustive list) of the computer-readablestorage medium would include the following: an electrical connectionhaving one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard diskdrive (Him), a solid state drive (SSD), a random access memory (RAM), aread-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROMor Flash memory), an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-onlymemory (CD-ROM), an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device,or any suitable combination of the foregoing. In the context of thisdocument, a computer-readable storage medium may be any tangible mediumthat can contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

A computer-readable signal medium may include a propagated data signalwith computer-readable program code embodied therein, for example, inbaseband or as part of a carrier wave. Such a propagated signal may takeany of a variety of forms, including, but not limited to,electro-magnetic, optical, or any suitable combination thereof. Acomputer-readable signal medium may be any computer-readable medium thatis not a computer-readable storage medium and that can communicate,propagate, or transport a program for use by or in connection with aninstruction execution system, apparatus, or device.

Program code embodied on a computer-readable medium may be transmittedusing any appropriate medium, including but not limited to wireless,wireline, optical fiber, cable, RF, etc., or any suitable combination ofthe foregoing. Computer program code for carrying out operations foraspects of the present invention may be written in any combination ofone or more programming languages, including an object orientedprogramming language such as Java, Smalltalk, C++ or the like andconventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C”programming language or similar programming languages. The program codemay execute entirely on the user's computer, partly on the user'scomputer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the user'scomputer and partly on a remote computer, or entirely on the remotecomputer or server. In the latter scenario, the remote computer may beconnected to the user's computer through any type of network, includinga local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or theconnection my be made to an external computer (for example, through theInternet using an Internet Service Provider).

Aspects of the present invention are described below with reference toflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus(systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of theinvention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchartillustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in theflowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, can be implemented bycomputer program instructions. These computer program instructions maybe provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, specialpurpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus toproduce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via theprocessor of the computer, other programmable data processing apparatus,or other devices create means for implementing the functions/actsspecified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

These computer program instructions may also be stored in acomputer-readable medium that can direct a computer, other programmabledata processing apparatus, or other devices to function in a particularmanner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readablemedium produce an article of manufacture including instructions whichimplement the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer,other programmable data processing apparatus, or other devices to causea series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, otherprogrammable apparatus or other devices to produce a computerimplemented process such that the instructions which execute on thecomputer or other programmable apparatus provide processes forimplementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or blockdiagram block or blocks.

The embodiments disclosed within this specification relate to optimizingthe layout of electronic documents. More particularly, the embodimentsdisclosed herein present a method and system that adds one or moredocument sections to respective pages of a modified document withoutincreasing the display size of the pages, thereby reducing the number ofpages required to present a document. Although the display size ofcontent presented in the page is reduced, the present invention ensuresthat the perceptual quality of the size-reduced content is notsignificantly degraded with respect to the perceptual quality of thecontent as presented in the original document. In this regard, thepresent invention can dynamically select an appropriate number ofdocument sections to be combined in each page of the modified document.As used herein, combining document sections onto a page means to addthose document sections to the page such that the document sections arevisible when the document is opened and/or printed.

FIG. 1 is a flow diagram 100 illustrating a process for optimizing alayout of an electronic document in accordance with one embodiment ofthe present invention. In the process, an original electronic document(hereinafter “original document”) 102 can be received by a documentmodifier 106 as an input document 104. As used herein, an electronicdocument is an electronic file comprising content. As used herein,content may refer to alphanumeric text, characters (e.g., ASCIIcharacters), graphics (e.g., drawings, pictures, illustrations, etc.),tables, or any other information that may be presented to a user whenthe electronic document is opened by a suitable application and/orprinted by a suitable application. When opened, the electronic documentcan be separated into one or more pages, each of which may include oneor more document sections.

The pages may be separated by page breaks, though this need not be thecase. Further, a document section can comprise content presented withina page, or content within a portion of a page. For example, a documentsection can comprise the entire content that is presented on aparticular page when the original document is opened or printed. Inanother example, a document section can comprise a sentence or paragraphpresented on a page, a table presented on a page, one or more graphicspresented on a page, or the like.

The document modifier 106 can modify the input document 104 to generatea modified document 108. Specifically, the document modifier 106 cancombine a plurality of document sections to at least a first page withinthe document. For example, the document modifier 106 can combine twopages of the input document 104 into a single page, combine four pagesof the input document into a single page, combine six pages of the inputdocument into a single page, combine nine pages of the input documentinto a single page, or combine any other number of pages into a singlepage. Other document sections not combined into the first page of themodified document 108 can be combined into other pages of the modifieddocument. In doing so, the document modifier 106 can reduce a displaysize of the content so that each of the document sections selected tofit into a particular page in the modified document 108 lit onto thatpage.

The document sections can be recursively added to the various pages ofthe input document. In this regard, during a first pass of document sizereduction, the original document 102 can be provided to the documentmodifier 106 as an input document 104, and document modifier 106 canhalve the number of pages of the input document 104 to generate themodified document 108. In other words, the document modifier can add twodocument sections to each page of the modified document 108. In a secondpass, the modified document can be document modifier 106 as a new inputdocument 104, and the document modifier 106 can halve the number ofpages of the new input document to generate a new modified document 108.After each pass, the perceptual quality of the modified document 108 canbe evaluated, as will be described herein, and document sectioncombinations can be accepted and rejected. The process can repeat untilthe modified document is optimized to condense as many document sectionsonto each page that will fit onto each page while maintaining a minimumlevel of perceptual quality.

In one arrangement, the document modifier 106 can generate multiplepages for the modified document 108 on each pass. In anotherarrangement, the modified document modifier 106 can continue addingdocument sections to a first page until that page is optimized, and thenproceed adding document sections to a second page until that page isoptimized, and so on. In the case in which the document modifier 106processes the entire input document 104 in a single pass, the modifieddocument 108 can contain each of the resulting pages. In the case inwhich the document modifier 106 processes one page of the modifieddocument 108 in any given pass, the modified document 108 may contain asubset of the entire set of document sections from the original document102 until the process is complete, at which time the final modifieddocument 108 can contain the entire set of document sections.

A perceptual hash (pHash) algorithm 110-1 can be applied to perform apHash on the document sections, as presented in the original document102, which are combined with other document sections in the modifieddocument 108. Similarly, a pHash algorithm 110-2 can be applied toperform a pHash after each pass on the document sections having reducedsize as presented in the modified document 108. The pHash algorithm110-1 and pHash algorithm 110-2 can be the same pHash algorithm, but aredepicted in different blocks of FIG. 1 to illustrate the flow of data inthe flow diagram 100.

The pHash algorithm 110-1 can identify perceptual features of thecontent in the applicable document sections of the original document 102and output a corresponding pHash value 112 derived from such perceptualfeatures. Similarly, the pHash algorithm 110-2 can identify perceptualfeatures of the content in the applicable document sections of themodified document 108 and output a corresponding pHash value 114 derivedfrom such perceptual features. As such, performing pHash may beconsidered to be analogous to analyzing a fingerprint. The pHashalgorithm 110 can be use discrete cosine transformation (DCT), MarrWavelets, Hamming distance, or any other suitable techniques to generateone or more values corresponding to perceptual features of documentsections. In this regard, each pHash value 112, 114 can comprise one ormore values, or data formatted in a suitable arrangement, for example asa data array. Still, other data formats may be used and the invention isnot limited in this regard. The pHash value 112 need only be generatedonce since the original document 102 likely will not change during theprocess. The pHash value 114, however, can be regenerated after eachpass of document section combination.

The pHash values 112, 114 can be input to a pHash comparator 116, whichcan compare the pHash values 112, 114 to one another and generate aperceptual delta value 118. The perceptual delta value 118 can representperceptual differences between content in the original document 102 andthe corresponding content in the modified document 108. In other words,the perceptual delta value 118 can indicate how visually distorted thedocument sections have become due to their visual size reduction. Theperceptual delta value 118 can comprise data formatted in a suitablearrangement, for example as a data array or in another suitable format.

The perceptual delta value 118 can be input to an output handler 120.The output handler 120 can process the perceptual data value 118 to makedeterminations as to whether additional document content may be added tothe modified document 108, the modified document 108 may be provided asan output document 128, or the input document 104 may be provided as theoutput document 128 in lieu of the modified document 108. As such, theoutput hander 120 can implement corresponding decision processes.

Referring to decision box 122, a determination can be made as to whetherthe perceptual delta value 118 at least equals a first threshold value.In other words, a determination can be made as to whether the perceptualdifferences between the content in the original document 102 and thecorresponding content in the modified document 108 have reached a firstthreshold level. If the perceptual delta value 118 at least equals thefirst threshold value, it is likely that further reduction in the sizeof the content as visually presented may make the content illegible orotherwise difficult to read. Thus, the addition of further documentsections to the modified content 108 (e.g., to a page) may not bedesirable.

If the perceptual delta value 118 at least equals the first thresholdvalue, the process can proceed to decision box 124 and a determinationcan be made as to whether the perceptual delta value 118 at least equalsa second threshold value. If not, this may indicate that the content aspresented in the modified document 108 is sufficiently legible, and theoutput handler 120 can output the modified document 108 as the outputdocument 128. If the perceptual delta value 118 does at least equal thesecond threshold value, this may indicate that the content as presentedin the modified document 108 is not sufficiently legible. Accordingly,the output handler 120 can reject the most recent combination ofdocument sections into the modified document 108, or the page of themodified document 108 being analyzed, and output the input document 104(or page of the input document 104 being analyzed) as the outputdocument 128 in lieu of the modified document 108.

Again referring to decision box 122, if the perceptual delta value 118does not at least equal the first threshold value, this may indicatethat further document sections can be added to the modified document108. Accordingly, at decision box 126, a determination can be made as towhether additional document sections from the input document 104 areavailable to add to the modified document 108. If, for example, themodified document 108 contains a single page, a determination can bemade as to whether additional document sections are available from theinput document 104 to add to the page. If not, the output handler 120can output the modified document 108 as the output document 128. Ifadditional document sections are available to add to the page, theoutput handler 120 can provide the modified document 108 to the documentmodifier 106 as an input document 104 for a next pass of the processdepicted in the flow diagram 100.

If the modified document 108 provided by the output handler 120, now theinput document 104, contains a single page, the processing can beperformed recursively as many times as needed, adding one or moreadditional document sections to the input document 104 to the newmodified document 108, until the perceptual delta value 118 reaches thefirst threshold value. Once the first threshold value is reached, eitherthe final modified document 108 or the final input document 104 will beoutput as the output document 128, depending on whether the secondthreshold value is reached as previously described. In an arrangement inwhich the document modifier 106 modifies one page of the modifieddocument 108 at a time, if there are additional document sections in theoriginal document 102 that are not included in the output document 128,the process described in the flow diagram 100 can be repeated toidentify such document sections and combine additional document sectionsinto one or more additional modified document pages. This time, however,the input document 104 need not contain document sections already addedto the output document 128. This process can recursively repeat untileach of the document sections in the original document 102 has beenoutput in the output document 128. In this regard, as each new outputdocument 128 is generated, the new output document 128 can be combinedwith the previous output documents 128 until a final output documentcontains each of the document sections contained in the originaldocument 102.

In one aspect, the document sections can be combined in an order that isdifferent than the order in which they are presented in the originaldocument 102. In illustration, assume that a first document sectioncontains text, a second document section contains graphics, and a thirddocument section contains text. The document modifier can combine thefirst and third document sections into a single page, while allocatingthe second document section to a preceding or following page of themodified document 108.

As noted, in lieu of processing one modified document page at a time,the document modifier 106 can process multiple pages for the modifieddocument 108 in each pass of the process depicted by the system flowdiagram 100. For example, when the original document 102 is provided asthe input document 104, the document modifier 106 can, on a first pass,combine successive pairs of document sections into respective pages. If,after the first pass, the perceptual data value 118 does not equal thefirst threshold, on a second pass of the process, the document modifier106 can combine each successive pair of pages into a respective singlepage. If, after the second pass, the perceptual data value 118 does notequal the first threshold, on a third pass of the process, the documentmodifier 106 can again combine each successive pair of the newly createdpages into a respective single page. Further, document sections can bemoved from one page to another to fill in any blank spaces that may bepresent. Moreover, depending on the perceptual data values 118 generatedfor individual pages, a determination can be made to combine certainpages into a single page, while choosing not to further combine certainpages. This process can be performed recursively until each page thatremains can be combined no further without a corresponding perceptualdelta value 118 reaching the second threshold value.

In one aspect, a user input can be received or a default setting can beaccessed which indicates a maximum number of document sections toinclude on each page of the modified document. For instance, a user canspecify to include no more than four document sections on each page. Insuch case, the process of combining document sections can cease afterone or more pages of the modified document include four documentsections.

For further understanding of the present invention, FIG. 2 depicts asuccession of recursive additions of document sections of the originaldocument into pages of a modified document in accordance with anembodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 2, an original documentwhich comprises a plurality of pages 200 is depicted. As noted, eachpage 200 can be a page of the document, though this need not be thecase. Each page 200 can include one or more respective document sections1, 2, 3 . . . 24, 25. In this particular example, each page 200 includesa respective document section, though the invention is not limited inthis regard and each page 200 may include two or more document sections.

On a first pass of the process depicted in FIG. 1, the document sections1-25 can be combined to create one or more pages 202. For example, eachsuccessive pair of document sections 1-25 can be combined into arespective page. In one arrangement, if the perceptual delta valueassociated with any of the pages 202 reaches the second threshold value,the combination of document sections in those pages 202 can be rejected.For example, if the perceptual delta value associated with a pagecomprising the document sections 3, 4 reaches the second thresholdvalue, the combination of document sections 3, 4 into the same page canbe rejected. Further, a perceptual delta value can be determined foreach of the document sections 3, 4 to determine whether one of thedocument sections 3, 4 can be size reduced when not combined with theother. In this example, it can be determined that document section 3 maybe size reduced and result in a perceptual delta value that is under thesecond threshold value, white document section 4 may not. For example,document section 4 may contain a graphic that cannot be size reducedwithout the perceptual delta value reaching the second threshold value.In this case, the document section 4 can be allocated to its own page202-3, while document section 3 can be combined with document section 5in a page 202-2. In this regard, the document sections as presented inthe modified document can be reordered no as to be presented in an orderthat is different than the order in which the document sections arepresented in the original document. The successive pairing of theremaining document sections 6-25 can continue.

In another example, document sections 1-25 that exclusively contain textcan be identified, and document sections 1-25 that do not exclusivelycontain text also can be identified. The latter document sections 1-25can comprise, for example, graphics, tables, or the like. At least asubset of the document sections 1-25 that contain text, for exampledocument sections 1, 2, 3 and 5, can be grouped and added to one or morepages of the modified document, for instance pages 202-1 and 202-2. Oneor more document sections 1-25, such as document section 4, that do notexclusively contain text can be added to a different page of themodified document, for instance to page 202-3. Thus, the documentsections can be reordered in the modified document with respect to theorder in which they are presented in the original document.

In one arrangement, the pages 202 can be the same size as the pages 200.Further, the orientation of the pages 202 can be selected to optimizeplacement of the document sections 1-25 within the pages 202. Forexample, the pages 200 can be oriented in a portrait layout, and thepages 202 can be oriented in a landscape layout.

On a second pass of the process, the document sections 1-25 can becombined to create one or more pages 204 comprising four documentelements 1-25. Since it already was determined that document element 4cannot be further size reduced, document element 4 need not be combinedwith any other document elements. Again, the orientation of the pages204 can be selected to optimize placement of the document sections 1-25within the pages 204. For example, the pages 204 can be oriented in aportrait layout.

On a third pass of the process, the document sections 1-25 can becombined to create one or more pages 206 comprising nine documentelements 1-25. Again, the orientation of the pages 206 can be selectedto optimize placement of the document sections 1-25 within the pages206.

As noted, it is not required that the document elements 1-25 in any onepage 202, 204 be kept together when successive passes of the process areimplemented. For example, page 204-4 may comprise document elements10-13, while document element 10 may be contained in page 206-1 anddocument elements 11-13 may be contained in page 206-3. Further, a pageneed not be completely filled with document elements 1-25. For example,the original document may not contain a sufficient number of documentelements to completely fill the par 206-4. In such case, the orientationof the par 206-4 can be adjusted to optimize the size of the content inthe document elements 20-25, though this is not a requirement. Also, asnoted, a document element can be the entire content of a document pageof the original document, but this need not be the case. Indeed, adocument element can be a sentence, a paragraph, a graphic, a table,etc.

Further, assume that a document section, for example document section22, cannot be size reduced further without the perceptual delta valuereaching the second threshold value. In such case, other documentsections 20, 21 and 23-25 on the page 206-4 can be further size reducedin the third pass, while further reduction of the document element 22can be rejected, and the size of document element 22 can be left at thesize it was after the second pass. The respective document sections20-25 can be arranged on the page 206-4 in a suitable manner.

FIG. 3 is a flow chart illustrating a method 300 of optimizing a layoutof an electronic document in accordance with another embodiment of thepresent invention. At step 302, an electronic document can be receivedas an input document. At step 304, the input document can be processedto identify a plurality of document sections within the input document.

At step 306, a plurality of document sections can be combined into atleast a first page of a modified document. A presentation size ofcontent within the document sections can be reduced so that the combineddocument sections fit within the page(s). At step 308, a firstperceptual delta value can be generated based on perceptual differencesbetween the document sections as originally presented in the electronicdocument and the document sections as presented when combined into thepage(s) in the modified document. As noted, the perceptual delta valuecan be generated based on a comparison of a pHash value generated forthe document sections as they are presented in the original document anda pHash value generated for the document sections as they are presentedin the modified document.

At decision box 310, a determination can be made as to whether theperceptual delta value at least equals a first threshold value. If not,at decision box 312 a determination can be made as to whether additionaldocument sections are available to combine within the page(s). Inillustration, if one page at a time is being generated for the modifieddocument, the determination can pertain to whether additional documentsections that have not been added to the page are available in the inputdocument. If so, the process can return to step 304

In an arrangement in which multiple pages of the modified document arebeing generated in each pass, the determination can pertain to whetherdocument sections from other pages can be combined into the documentsections on the particular page. If so, the process can proceed to step314 and the modified document can be received as an input document, andthe process can return to step 304.

Again referring to decision box 312, if no additional document sectionsare available, at step 316 the recursive combination of documentsections into the page(s) can cease. At step 318, the modified documentcan be output.

Again referring to decision box 310, if the perceptual delta value doesat least equal the first threshold value, the process can proceed todecision box 320 and a determination can be made as to whether theperceptual delta value at least equals a second threshold value. If not,the process can proceed to step 316 and recursive combination of thedocument sections into the page(s) can be ceased. At step 318, themodified document can be output.

In an arrangement in which one page of the modified document is beinggenerated in each pass, the process can return to step 304 andadditional document sections from the original document can be combinedinto a next page of the modified document. In this embodiment, each newmodified document that is output can be combined with previous modifieddocuments to create a final modified output document. The process andrecursively continue until each of the document sections of the originalelectronic document are contained within the final modified outputdocument.

Referring again to decision box 320, if the perceptual delta value atleast equals the second threshold value, at step 322 recursivecombination of document sections can be ceased. At step 324, in lieu ofoutputting the modified document, the input document can be output.Again, in an arrangement in which one page of the modified document isbeing generated in each pass, the process can return to step 304 andadditional document sections from the original document can be combinedinto a next page of the modified document. The process can end when eachof the document sections of the original electronic document arecontained within the final modified output document.

FIG. 4 is block diagram illustrating a system 400 for optimizing alayout of an electronic document in accordance with another embodimentof the present invention. The system 400 can include at least oneprocessor 405 coupled to memory elements 410 through a system bus 115.As such, the system 400 can store program code within memory elements410. The processor 405 can execute the program code accessed from memoryelements 410 via a system bus 415. In one aspect, for example, thesystem 400 can be implemented as computer that is suitable for storingand/or executing program code. It should be appreciated, however, thatthe system 400 can be implemented in the form of any system comprising aprocessor and memory that is capable of performing the functionsdescribed within this specification.

Memory elements 410 can include one or more physical memory devices suchas, for example, local memory 420 and one or more bulk storage devices425. Local memory 420 refers to random access memory or othernon-persistent memory device(s) generally used during actual executionof the program code. Bulk storage device(s) 425 can be implemented as ahard disk drive (HDD), solid state drive (SSD) or other persistent datastorage device. The system 400 also can include one or more cachememories (not shown) that provide temporary storage of at least someprogram code in order to reduce the number of times program code must beretrieved from bulk storage device 425 during execution.

Input/output (I/O) devices such as a keyboard 430, a display 435, and apointing device (not shown) optionally can be coupled to the system 400.The devices can be coupled to the system 400 either directly or throughintervening I/O controllers. Network adapters also can be coupled to thesystem 400 to enable the system 400 to become coupled to other systems,computer systems, remote printers, and/or remote storage devices throughintervening private or public networks. Modems, cable modems andEthernet cards are examples of different types of network adapters thatcan be used with the system 400.

As pictured in FIG. 1, memory elements 410 can store a documentreduction application 440. The document reduction application 440, beingimplemented in the form of executable program code, can be executed bythe system 400 to perform the functions and processes described herein.For example, the document reduction application 440 can include thedocument modifier 106, the pHash Algorithm 110, the pHash Comparator 116and the Output Handler 120 of FIG. 1, the functions of each have beendescribed. The document reduction application 440 also can include othersuitable modules, functions and/or algorithms, and the invention is notlimited in this regard.

The document reduction application 440 can process an electronicdocument and output a modified document in which document sections fromthe original electronic document are size reduced and combined intofewer pages than the number of pages contained in the originalelectronic document, while maintaining a minimum level of perceptualquality. As used herein, “outputting” and/or “output” can mean storingin the memory elements 410, for example, writing to a file stored in thememory elements 410, writing to the display 435 or other peripheraloutput device, printing, exporting, or the like.

Like numbers have been used to refer to the same items throughout thisspecification. The flow diagram, flowchart and block diagram in theFigures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation ofpossible implementations of systems, methods and computer programproducts according to various embodiments of the present invention. Inthis regard, each block in the flow diagram, flowchart and block diagrammay represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises oneor more executable instructions for implementing the specified logicalfunction(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternativeimplementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of theorder noted in the figures. For example, two blocks shown in successionmay, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks maysometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon thefunctionality involved. It will also be noted that each block of theflow diagram, flowchart and block diagram, and combinations of blocks inthe flow diagram, flowchart and block diagram, can be implemented byspecial purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specifiedfunctions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware andcomputer instructions.

The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particularembodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. Asused herein, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended toinclude the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicatesotherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify thepresence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements,and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of oneor more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements,components, and/or groups thereof.

The corresponding structures, materials, acts, and equivalents of allmeans or step plus function elements in the claims below are intended toinclude any structure, material, or act for performing the function incombination with other claimed elements as specifically claimed. Thedescription of the present invention has been presented for purposes ofillustration and description, but is not intended to be exhaustive orlimited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications andvariations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the artwithout departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Theembodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain theprinciples of the invention and the practical application, and to enableothers of ordinary skill in the art to understand the invention forvarious embodiments with various modifications as are suited to theparticular use contemplated.

1-9. (canceled)
 10. A computer program product comprising: acomputer-readable storage medium having stored thereon computer-readableprogram code that, when executed by a system comprising a processor anda memory, optimizes a layout of an electronic document, thecomputer-readable storage medium comprising: computer-readable programcode that processes the electronic document to identify a plurality ofdocument sections within the electronic document; computer-readableprogram code that, recursively, combines a plurality of documentsections in at least a first page of a modified document and reduces apresentation size of content within the document sections so that thecombined document sections fit within the first page of the modifieddocument; and computer-readable program code that, with each recursivecombination of document sections: generates a first perceptual deltavalue based on perceptual differences between the document sections asoriginally presented in the electronic document and the documentsections as presented when combined into the first page; determineswhether the first perceptual delta value at least equals a firstthreshold value; when the first perceptual delta value at least equalsthe first threshold value, ceases the recursive combination of documentsections into the first page; and when the first perceptual delta valuedoes not at least equal the first threshold value, continues therecursive combination of document sections in at least the first page.11. The computer program product of claim 10, further comprising:computer-readable program code that performs a first perceptual hash onthe document sections as originally presented in the electronic documentto determine a first perceptual hash value; and computer-readableprogram code that performs a second perceptual hash on the documentsections as presented when combined into the first page to determine asecond perceptual hash value; wherein the computer-readable program codethat generates the first perceptual delta value comprisescomputer-readable program code that compares the first and secondperceptual hash values.
 12. The computer program product of claim 10,further comprising: computer-readable program code that, when the firstperceptual delta value at least equals the first threshold value,outputs at least the first page of the modified document as an outputdocument.
 13. The computer program product of claim 10, furthercomprising: computer-readable program code that, when the firstperceptual delta value at least equals the first threshold value,determines whether the first perceptual delta value at least equals asecond threshold value; computer-readable program code that, when thefirst perceptual delta value at least equals the second threshold value,rejects a most recent combination of document sections into the firstpage of the modified document; and computer-readable program code that,when the first perceptual delta value does not at least equal the secondthreshold value, outputs at least the first page of the modifieddocument as an output document.
 14. The computer program product ofclaim 10, further comprising: computer-readable program code thatidentifies document sections not added to the first page;computer-readable program code that, recursively, adds at least one ofthe identified documents sections to a second page of the modifieddocument and reduces a display size of content within the second page sothat a display size of the second page is not increased due to the addedidentified document sections; and computer-readable program code that,with each addition of at least one of the identified document sectionsto the second page: performs a perceptual hash on the second page todetermine a second perceptual delta value; determines whether the secondperceptual delta value at least equals the first threshold value; whenthe second perceptual delta value at least equals the first thresholdvalue, ceases the addition of the identified document sections to thesecond page; and when the second perceptual delta value does not atleast equal the first threshold value, continues the addition of theidentified document sections to the second page.
 15. The computerprogram product of claim 10, wherein the computer-readable program codethat recursively adds at least one document section to the first pagecomprises computer-readable program code that recursively adds aplurality of document sections to the first page.
 16. The computerprogram product of claim 10, further comprising: computer-readableprogram code that identifies document sections that exclusively containtext; computer-readable program code that identifies document sectionsthat do not exclusively contain text; and computer-readable program codethat groups at least a subset of the document sections that exclusivelycontain text; wherein the computer-readable program code thatrecursively adds at least one document section to the first pagecomprises computer-readable program code that adds the grouped subset ofdocument sections that contain text to the first page.
 17. The computerprogram product of claim 16, further comprising: computer-readableprogram code that adds at least one of the document sections that do notexclusively contain text to a second page.
 18. A system that optimizes alayout of an electronic document comprising: a memory; and a processorconfigured to: process the electronic document to identify a pluralityof document sections within the electronic document; recursively,combine a plurality of document sections in at least a first page of amodified document and reduces a presentation size of content within thedocument sections so that the combined document sections fit within thefirst page of the modified document; and with each recursive combinationof document sections: generate a first perceptual delta value based onperceptual differences between the document sections as originallypresented in the electronic document and the document sections aspresented when combined into the first page; determine whether the firstperceptual delta value at least equals a first threshold value; when thefirst perceptual delta value at least equals the first threshold value,cease the recursive combination of document sections into the firstpage; and when the first perceptual delta value does not at least equalthe first threshold value, continue the recursive combination ofdocument sections in at least the first page.
 19. The system of claim18, wherein the processor further is configured to: perform a firstperceptual hash on the document sections as originally presented in theelectronic document to determine a first perceptual hash value; andperform a second perceptual hash on the document sections as presentedwhen combined into the first page to determine a second perceptual hashvalue; wherein generating the first perceptual delta value comprises theprocessor comparing the first and second perceptual hash values.
 20. Thesystem of claim 18, wherein the processor further is configured to: whenthe first perceptual delta value at least equals the first thresholdvalue, output at least the first page of the modified document as anoutput document.
 21. The system of claim 18, wherein the processorfurther is configured to: when the first perceptual delta value at leastequals the first threshold value, determine whether the first perceptualdelta value at least equals a second threshold value; when the firstperceptual delta value at least equals the second threshold value,reject a most recent combination of document sections into the firstpage of the modified document; and when the first perceptual delta valuedoes not at least equal the second threshold value, output at least thefirst page of the modified document as an output document.
 22. Thesystem of claim 18, wherein the processor further is configured to:identify document sections not added to the first page; recursively, addat least one of the identified documents sections to a second page ofthe modified document and reduce a display size of content within thesecond page so that a display size of the second page is not increaseddue to the added identified document sections; and with each addition ofat least one of the identified document sections to the second page:perform a perceptual hash on the second page to determine a secondperceptual delta value; determine whether the second perceptual deltavalue at least equals the first threshold value; when the secondperceptual delta value at least equals the first threshold value, ceasethe addition of the identified document sections to the second page; andwhen the second perceptual delta value does not at least equal the firstthreshold value, continue the addition of the identified documentsections to the second page.
 23. The system of claim 18, whereinrecursively adding at least one document section to the first pagecomprises the processor recursively adding a plurality of documentsections to the first page.
 24. The system of claim 18, wherein theprocessor further is configured to: identify document sections thatexclusively contain text; identify document sections that do notexclusively contain text; and group at least a subset of the documentsections that exclusively contain text; wherein recursively adding atleast one document section to the first page comprises the processoradding the grouped subset of document sections that contain text to thefirst page.